Hi guys, want to know about cholesterol?
here, check it out what i knew about it.
Cholesterol is a waxy fat that is present in all human beings.
About 70-80 % of the cholesterol in the body is manufactured by the liver. The rest is consumed through cholesterol-rich foods such as meat, eggs and dairy products.
Cholesterol itself is vital for survival. However, it can also contribute to coronary artery disease. To understand how cholesterol is related to heart disease, it is necessary to understand how it is transported through the body. Cholesterol is carried in the bloodstream in specialized protein packages called lipoproteins. These are comprised of another building block called apolipoproteins.
A good analogy is to think of lipoproteins like vehicles on the road, while cholesterol represents the passengers. Some of the cars are sleek and fast, while others are cumbersome, large and slow. The nature of the lipoprotein package, or vehicles, ultimately determines what will happen to the cholesterol it carries. In some cases, excess cholesterol will be transported to the liver, where it is metabolized harmlessly. In other cases, excess cholesterol will penetrate the walls of arteries throughout the body, contributing to a disease called atherosclerosis.
Although there are many subclasses of lipoproteins, researchers generally focus on the following five types:
High-density lipoproteins (HDL), which transport cholesterol away from arteries and are protective.
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL), which can penetrate the arterial wall and deposit cholesterol within the artery, thus contributing to heart disease.
Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), which are similar to LDLs, but can more easily penetrate the artery wall.
Intermediate-density lipoproteins. Like VLDLs, these also carry triglycerides and cholesterol.
Chylomicrons, which carry only a small percentage of cholesterol. Chylomicrons are mostly rich in another type of fat called triglycerides.
Many studies have shown that high levels of LDLs, IDLs and VLDLs are associated with increased risk of heart attack because these lipoproteins actually harm arteries. Conversely, higher levels of HDLs protect against heart attack because these lipoproteins remove potentially dangerous cholesterol from the blood stream. Thus, modern cholesterol management tends to focus on reducing LDLs while increasing HDLs. The National Cholesterol Education Program classifies cholesterol levels as follows (all measurements are in milligrams per deciliter):
Total cholesterol levels less than 200 are desirable.
Total cholesterol levels between 200 and 239 are borderline-high.
Total cholesterol levels that are 240 or higher are high.
HDL levels of less than 40 for men and 50 for women are considered low, and levels of 60 or more are considered protective against heart disease.
HDL levels should be 40 or above (the American College of Cardiology recommends levels of 45 or above for women).
LDL levels should optimally be less than 100 (levels greater than 129 are considered borderline-high, and levels greater than 159 are considered high).
careful to eat your meat, be healthy, be life.
Sunday, February 15, 2009
Thursday, February 12, 2009
Chicken Pox
Chicken pox is not a type of food like fried-chicken, but it's a childhood disease.
In Indonesia language known as cacar air.
Chicken pox mostly affected nearly all children under the age of ten years in all the world. but, sometimes when somebody didn't get chickn pox when he is as a child, chicken pox could affected her or him as adult. A person can only get chicken pox once in a life. When an adult gets chicken pox, the case is usually more severe and lasts longer. Adults are 10 times more likely than children to require hospitalization from chicken pox. Adults who have had chickenpox as a child are less likely to have shingles in later life if they have been exposed occasionally to the chickenpox virus (for example by their children). In the late 1980s, American children were a reported 3.9 million cases of chicken pox each year .
Chicken pox is highly contagious. In England and Wales, 75% of deaths due to chickenpox are in adults. A person with chicken pox is contagious from one to two days before the outbreak of the chicken pox rash, and for six days after the rash erupts. After being exposed, a person will show symptoms of chicken pox within 10-21 days.
Chicken pox caused by the virus named varicella zoster virus.
Symptoms of the disease include a mild fever for one to two days before the appearance of a skin rash (small, watery blisters) that begins on the scalp and body and spreads within three to four days over the entire body.
A typical case of chicken pox involves between 250 and 500 blister over the body. These dry into scabs after three or four days. The blisters are very itchy, and children should be discouraged from scratching and their fingernails should be kept very short for the duration of the chicken pox case. to help relieve the itching of chicken pox usually can using lotion or body powder.
Although complications from chicken pox are generally uncommon, the most common one is bacterial infection of the skin, initiated at the site of a chicken pox blister that has broken or was scratched open. Other complications include viral or bacterial pneumonia and encephalitis (swelling of the brain).
The groups that are at higher risk for developing complications are anyone with a weak immune system, children with lung diseases, children with eczema or other skin conditions; infants under one year of age; premature infants whose mothers have not had chicken pox; and newborns whose mothers had chicken pox around the time of delivery. An oral anti-viral drug, acyclovir, may be prescribed for anyone at risk of developing a severe case of chicken pox. Acyclovir is only effective if it is given within 24 hours of the outbreak of the chicken pox blisters.
Shingles, known medically as herpes zoster, is a condition of the nerves caused by the chicken pox virus that affects between 10-20% of all people who have ever had chicken pox. Once a person has had chicken pox, the virus remains in his or her nerve roots for the rest of his or her life. The virus most commonly reappears as shingles at age 50 or older, although shingles can occur anytime. Shingles cause itching, numbness, or severe pain in skin areas where the affected nerve root is located, and within about three days, causes clusters of blisters to form along the affected nerve. The blisters last two to three weeks.
reference book:
Bellet, Paul S. The Diagnostic Approach to Common Symptoms and Signs in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. New York: Lea and Febiger, 1989.
dayman, Charles B., and Jeffrey R. M. Kunz. (eds.) Children: How to Understand Their Symptoms. New York: Random House, 1986.
In Indonesia language known as cacar air.
Chicken pox mostly affected nearly all children under the age of ten years in all the world. but, sometimes when somebody didn't get chickn pox when he is as a child, chicken pox could affected her or him as adult. A person can only get chicken pox once in a life. When an adult gets chicken pox, the case is usually more severe and lasts longer. Adults are 10 times more likely than children to require hospitalization from chicken pox. Adults who have had chickenpox as a child are less likely to have shingles in later life if they have been exposed occasionally to the chickenpox virus (for example by their children). In the late 1980s, American children were a reported 3.9 million cases of chicken pox each year .
Chicken pox is highly contagious. In England and Wales, 75% of deaths due to chickenpox are in adults. A person with chicken pox is contagious from one to two days before the outbreak of the chicken pox rash, and for six days after the rash erupts. After being exposed, a person will show symptoms of chicken pox within 10-21 days.
Chicken pox caused by the virus named varicella zoster virus.
Symptoms of the disease include a mild fever for one to two days before the appearance of a skin rash (small, watery blisters) that begins on the scalp and body and spreads within three to four days over the entire body.
A typical case of chicken pox involves between 250 and 500 blister over the body. These dry into scabs after three or four days. The blisters are very itchy, and children should be discouraged from scratching and their fingernails should be kept very short for the duration of the chicken pox case. to help relieve the itching of chicken pox usually can using lotion or body powder.
Although complications from chicken pox are generally uncommon, the most common one is bacterial infection of the skin, initiated at the site of a chicken pox blister that has broken or was scratched open. Other complications include viral or bacterial pneumonia and encephalitis (swelling of the brain).
The groups that are at higher risk for developing complications are anyone with a weak immune system, children with lung diseases, children with eczema or other skin conditions; infants under one year of age; premature infants whose mothers have not had chicken pox; and newborns whose mothers had chicken pox around the time of delivery. An oral anti-viral drug, acyclovir, may be prescribed for anyone at risk of developing a severe case of chicken pox. Acyclovir is only effective if it is given within 24 hours of the outbreak of the chicken pox blisters.
Shingles, known medically as herpes zoster, is a condition of the nerves caused by the chicken pox virus that affects between 10-20% of all people who have ever had chicken pox. Once a person has had chicken pox, the virus remains in his or her nerve roots for the rest of his or her life. The virus most commonly reappears as shingles at age 50 or older, although shingles can occur anytime. Shingles cause itching, numbness, or severe pain in skin areas where the affected nerve root is located, and within about three days, causes clusters of blisters to form along the affected nerve. The blisters last two to three weeks.
reference book:
Bellet, Paul S. The Diagnostic Approach to Common Symptoms and Signs in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. New York: Lea and Febiger, 1989.
dayman, Charles B., and Jeffrey R. M. Kunz. (eds.) Children: How to Understand Their Symptoms. New York: Random House, 1986.
Wednesday, February 11, 2009
BE (Breath Exercise)
Are you:
a women ?
a Man ?
a student ?
a worker ?
a house-wife?
a doctor ?
a director ?
whatever you are, whatever you do, i think all of us sometimes feel distress.
working under pressure, under dateline, less income, or something happends out of what we want, .....
remember to do this :
- close your eyes
- take a deep breath slowly, hold your breath for a few seconds and then release slowly.
taking a “deep breath” here means breathing in air through the nose to fill the lower part of the lungs, then the middle part and then the upper part. “Releasing” a breath means exhaling all of the stale air from the lungs through the mouth before taking in another fresh breath .
Do it minimum for 6 times.
If it's the first time you do this breath exercise, when you hold your breath , you may feel a bit uncomfortable in your chest.
but after that you get relax and may be surprised to find yourself getting more work done, with better quality.
Breathing is something most people take for granted. However, most of us do not realize that when we are under stress we tend to hold our breath or take short, shallow breaths.
Limiting our intake of oxygen can have far reaching effects on the body, because oxygen is the most important nutrient for the heart, brain and every other major organ of the body, .
That's why, breathing exercises can be very helpful for reducing stress, relaxing and rejuvenating the body as well as the mind.
a women ?
a Man ?
a student ?
a worker ?
a house-wife?
a doctor ?
a director ?
whatever you are, whatever you do, i think all of us sometimes feel distress.
working under pressure, under dateline, less income, or something happends out of what we want, .....
remember to do this :
- close your eyes
- take a deep breath slowly, hold your breath for a few seconds and then release slowly.
taking a “deep breath” here means breathing in air through the nose to fill the lower part of the lungs, then the middle part and then the upper part. “Releasing” a breath means exhaling all of the stale air from the lungs through the mouth before taking in another fresh breath .
Do it minimum for 6 times.
If it's the first time you do this breath exercise, when you hold your breath , you may feel a bit uncomfortable in your chest.
but after that you get relax and may be surprised to find yourself getting more work done, with better quality.
Breathing is something most people take for granted. However, most of us do not realize that when we are under stress we tend to hold our breath or take short, shallow breaths.
Limiting our intake of oxygen can have far reaching effects on the body, because oxygen is the most important nutrient for the heart, brain and every other major organ of the body, .
That's why, breathing exercises can be very helpful for reducing stress, relaxing and rejuvenating the body as well as the mind.
Fibromyalgia
Do you know about fibromyalgia ?
let me tell you..
It is one of health problem characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and multiple tender points that occurs in precise, localized areas, particularly in the neck, spine, shoulders, and hips; also may cause sleep disturbances, morning stiffness, irritated bowel, anxiety, and other symptoms. Fibromyalgia can involve other over lapping conditions: fatigue, yeast, gut health issues, body weight abnormalities.
The fundamental cause of fibromyalgia is an out of balance immune system, lack of energy and oxygen to the cells and a build of toxins in the body (and the subsequent pH imbalance). It is obvious that people with fibromyalgia have increased inflammation in the soft tissue and elsewhere in the body. The immune system is the commander in chief in the body for health and longevity. Immune system cells are constantly looking for non self (anything that does not belong in the body) and to lower inappropriate, out of control inflammation. Also, auto immune tendencies are common when the immune system is out of balance.
Improving immune system health and increasing cellular hydration will bring the necessary balance to the body to reduce pain, fatigue, lower over growth of yeast and other microorganisms, balance metabolism and body weight, increase mental clarity and brain power and balance a person's mood. The immune system is supposed to lower inappropriate inflammation, but without drinking the right type of water to bring enough oxygen and energy to the cells this is more difficult. Also, a build up of cellular toxins further increases inflammation and fights against the capacity of the immune system to resolve inflammation.
Many people can understand the issue of the immune system rather than yeast. There is a negative reciprocating cycle between yeast over growth and a dysfunctional immune system. The more yeast builds up in the body, the more it stresses the immune system and causes toxic interference with immune system cells. The more the immune system is stressed and interfered with, the more it cannot eliminate over growth of yeast. When yeast over grows in the body with higher than normal levels, It is the job of the macrophage and t-cells to eliminate over growth of yeast in the body.
However, regeneration of cells is also important; and this is where the need for naturally increasing stem cell growth is a necessary part of the healing process.
Bringing balance will stop ever increasing chronic health issues from advancing, but it is also necessary to regenerate damaged tissue throughout the body -- with the nervous system the most challenging to repair.
let me tell you..
It is one of health problem characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and multiple tender points that occurs in precise, localized areas, particularly in the neck, spine, shoulders, and hips; also may cause sleep disturbances, morning stiffness, irritated bowel, anxiety, and other symptoms. Fibromyalgia can involve other over lapping conditions: fatigue, yeast, gut health issues, body weight abnormalities.
The fundamental cause of fibromyalgia is an out of balance immune system, lack of energy and oxygen to the cells and a build of toxins in the body (and the subsequent pH imbalance). It is obvious that people with fibromyalgia have increased inflammation in the soft tissue and elsewhere in the body. The immune system is the commander in chief in the body for health and longevity. Immune system cells are constantly looking for non self (anything that does not belong in the body) and to lower inappropriate, out of control inflammation. Also, auto immune tendencies are common when the immune system is out of balance.
Improving immune system health and increasing cellular hydration will bring the necessary balance to the body to reduce pain, fatigue, lower over growth of yeast and other microorganisms, balance metabolism and body weight, increase mental clarity and brain power and balance a person's mood. The immune system is supposed to lower inappropriate inflammation, but without drinking the right type of water to bring enough oxygen and energy to the cells this is more difficult. Also, a build up of cellular toxins further increases inflammation and fights against the capacity of the immune system to resolve inflammation.
Many people can understand the issue of the immune system rather than yeast. There is a negative reciprocating cycle between yeast over growth and a dysfunctional immune system. The more yeast builds up in the body, the more it stresses the immune system and causes toxic interference with immune system cells. The more the immune system is stressed and interfered with, the more it cannot eliminate over growth of yeast. When yeast over grows in the body with higher than normal levels, It is the job of the macrophage and t-cells to eliminate over growth of yeast in the body.
However, regeneration of cells is also important; and this is where the need for naturally increasing stem cell growth is a necessary part of the healing process.
Bringing balance will stop ever increasing chronic health issues from advancing, but it is also necessary to regenerate damaged tissue throughout the body -- with the nervous system the most challenging to repair.
Viginitis at women
Mostly the dream of all women's after married is getting baby. But not all women could pregnant. Why ? Is not just because they didn't take healthy food. One reason could because viginitis problem.
What is vigitinis?
It's is the medical term for inflammation or infection of the vagina (birth canal). It typically occurs when there is a decrease in the acidity (increase in pH level) of the vagina or an infection. the normal pH level of the vagina is approximately 4.0 on the 0 to 14 pH scale that goes from acid to alkaline. This acidity normally limits the development of infectious bacteria, fungi and parasites. Vaginitis does not typically cause serious complication, however, some types have been associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and an increased risk of STDs, including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
There are several types of vaginitis. The three most common types are:
- Bacterial vaginosis (BV). Caused by an overgrowth of one of several organisms (bacteria) that are usually present in the vagina. Other risk factors include: having multiple sex partners before married, having unprotected sex, douching, exposure to irritants, such as bubble baths, deodorized tampons, feminine hygiene sprays, or using an intrauterine device (IUD) for contraception. Normally, the “good” bacteria in the vagina outnumber the “bad” bacteria. However, if the bad bacteria become too abundant, they can upset the bacterial or pH balance of the vagina, resulting in BV .
- Yeast infection (genital candidiasis). Caused by an overabundance of Candida, a microscopic fungus that normally inhabits the vagina. Yeast infection may be caused by a variety of factors, including, but not limited to: medications (such as steroids and antibiotics), vaginal contraceptives, feminine hygiene products (such as deodorants and sprays), hormonal changes or bubble baths.
- Trichomoniasis. Caused by a parasite in the vagina, typically the Trichomonas vaginalis. Trichomoniasis is typically transmitted through sexual intercourse with a partner who is already infected. Because the parasite can live for several hours on damp washcloths, towels and bathing suits, it can be spread when these items are shared.
less common forms of vaginitis are:
- Atrophic vaginitis. Typically results from a decline in estrogen (a female reproductive hormone) levels occurring after menopause.
- Noninfectious vaginitis. Occurs when products such as perfumed soaps, douches and vaginal sprays irritate the skin around the vagina or cause an allergic reaction.
- Chlamydia. Primarily transmitted through sexual intercourse.
- Viral vaginitis. Caused by viral infection, such as the herpes simplex virus (HSV) or the human papillomavirus (HPV).
We can't just take conclusion after read this explanation, that suspect infect having viginitis.
We still need to find a physician or doctor for medical advice, of coure they will ask for checking urine to laboratorium first. After that they will give treatment for this viginitis problem.
The main goal of treating all forms of vaginitis is symptom relief.
Treatment of vaginitis depends on its type as well as the patient’s preference.
For instance:
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) can be treated with oral antibiotics, vaginal creams or vaginal gels prescribed by a physician. Treatment for BV is effective in most cases. If symptoms disappear, follow-up visits are not usually necessary. For recurrent cases, a more powerful antibiotic may be prescribed. During treatment for BV, women may be advised to refrain from sexual intercourse or ask male partners to use condoms. Routine treatment of male sexual partners is not usually necessary.
Yeast infections can be treated with antifungal creams, vaginal suppositories or oral antifungal medication. Creams and suppositories can be purchased over-the-counter (OTC). However, a physician must prescribe oral medication. Patients should seek medical advice before using OTC products if they:
- Have not previously had a yeast infection
- Have abdominal pain and/or fever
- Are pregnant or nursing
- Have diabetes or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Used an OTC treatment but symptoms did not disappear or returned immediately
Women may be advised to refrain from sexual intercourse while being treated for a yeast infection. Treatment can last anywhere from 1 to 14 days. Yeast infections generally respond to treatment within a few days. Routine treatment of male sexual partners is generally not recommended.
Trichomoniasis is typically treated with oral medication (antibiotics) prescribed by a physician. Routine treatment of male sexual partners is advisable otherwise reinfection will likely occur. A follow-up visit is not necessary if symptoms were not evident before treatment or disappear afterward.
Atrophic vaginitis can be treated with estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) in oral form, or in the form of a transdermal patch, vaginal rings, tablets or creams. ERT is prescribed by a physician.
Noninfectious vaginitis can be treated by identifying and avoiding the source of the irritation (e.g., perfumed soaps, deodorized tampons).
In addition, vaginitis caused by chlamydia infection is also treated with antibiotics.
Viral vaginitis caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) or the human papillomavirus (HPV) cannot be cured. However, both types of viral vaginitis can be controlled with medications. Treatment varies according to the type of vaginitis and the method of delivery. However, individuals are instructed to complete the entire course of treatment, even if symptoms subside before treatment has concluded.
Because Vaginitis cannot always be prevented, so, i advise to adhering to the following guidelines that may reduce a woman’s risk of developing vaginitis:
- Practice safe sex with your partner
- Eat a healthy diet
- Reduce stress
- Wear loose-fitting undergarments
- Wear only undergarments composed of 100 percent cotton or other natural fibers
- Avoid use of vaginal sprays/deodorants and douches
- Avoid use of deodorized tampons
- Avoid hot tubs, whirlpool spas and bubble baths
- Immediately change out of a wet bathing suit after swimming or exercise clothing
- Exercise proper toilet habits (e.g., wipe from front to rear)
- Do not insert dry objects (e.g., unlubricated penis or condoms) into the vagina
- Do not engage in sexual intercourse multiple times each day
- Eat yogurt with live lactobacillus (a “good” bacteria) cultures regularly
- Use a vaginal moisturizer after menstruation or sexual intercourse
What is vigitinis?
It's is the medical term for inflammation or infection of the vagina (birth canal). It typically occurs when there is a decrease in the acidity (increase in pH level) of the vagina or an infection. the normal pH level of the vagina is approximately 4.0 on the 0 to 14 pH scale that goes from acid to alkaline. This acidity normally limits the development of infectious bacteria, fungi and parasites. Vaginitis does not typically cause serious complication, however, some types have been associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and an increased risk of STDs, including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
There are several types of vaginitis. The three most common types are:
- Bacterial vaginosis (BV). Caused by an overgrowth of one of several organisms (bacteria) that are usually present in the vagina. Other risk factors include: having multiple sex partners before married, having unprotected sex, douching, exposure to irritants, such as bubble baths, deodorized tampons, feminine hygiene sprays, or using an intrauterine device (IUD) for contraception. Normally, the “good” bacteria in the vagina outnumber the “bad” bacteria. However, if the bad bacteria become too abundant, they can upset the bacterial or pH balance of the vagina, resulting in BV .
- Yeast infection (genital candidiasis). Caused by an overabundance of Candida, a microscopic fungus that normally inhabits the vagina. Yeast infection may be caused by a variety of factors, including, but not limited to: medications (such as steroids and antibiotics), vaginal contraceptives, feminine hygiene products (such as deodorants and sprays), hormonal changes or bubble baths.
- Trichomoniasis. Caused by a parasite in the vagina, typically the Trichomonas vaginalis. Trichomoniasis is typically transmitted through sexual intercourse with a partner who is already infected. Because the parasite can live for several hours on damp washcloths, towels and bathing suits, it can be spread when these items are shared.
less common forms of vaginitis are:
- Atrophic vaginitis. Typically results from a decline in estrogen (a female reproductive hormone) levels occurring after menopause.
- Noninfectious vaginitis. Occurs when products such as perfumed soaps, douches and vaginal sprays irritate the skin around the vagina or cause an allergic reaction.
- Chlamydia. Primarily transmitted through sexual intercourse.
- Viral vaginitis. Caused by viral infection, such as the herpes simplex virus (HSV) or the human papillomavirus (HPV).
We can't just take conclusion after read this explanation, that suspect infect having viginitis.
We still need to find a physician or doctor for medical advice, of coure they will ask for checking urine to laboratorium first. After that they will give treatment for this viginitis problem.
The main goal of treating all forms of vaginitis is symptom relief.
Treatment of vaginitis depends on its type as well as the patient’s preference.
For instance:
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) can be treated with oral antibiotics, vaginal creams or vaginal gels prescribed by a physician. Treatment for BV is effective in most cases. If symptoms disappear, follow-up visits are not usually necessary. For recurrent cases, a more powerful antibiotic may be prescribed. During treatment for BV, women may be advised to refrain from sexual intercourse or ask male partners to use condoms. Routine treatment of male sexual partners is not usually necessary.
Yeast infections can be treated with antifungal creams, vaginal suppositories or oral antifungal medication. Creams and suppositories can be purchased over-the-counter (OTC). However, a physician must prescribe oral medication. Patients should seek medical advice before using OTC products if they:
- Have not previously had a yeast infection
- Have abdominal pain and/or fever
- Are pregnant or nursing
- Have diabetes or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Used an OTC treatment but symptoms did not disappear or returned immediately
Women may be advised to refrain from sexual intercourse while being treated for a yeast infection. Treatment can last anywhere from 1 to 14 days. Yeast infections generally respond to treatment within a few days. Routine treatment of male sexual partners is generally not recommended.
Trichomoniasis is typically treated with oral medication (antibiotics) prescribed by a physician. Routine treatment of male sexual partners is advisable otherwise reinfection will likely occur. A follow-up visit is not necessary if symptoms were not evident before treatment or disappear afterward.
Atrophic vaginitis can be treated with estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) in oral form, or in the form of a transdermal patch, vaginal rings, tablets or creams. ERT is prescribed by a physician.
Noninfectious vaginitis can be treated by identifying and avoiding the source of the irritation (e.g., perfumed soaps, deodorized tampons).
In addition, vaginitis caused by chlamydia infection is also treated with antibiotics.
Viral vaginitis caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) or the human papillomavirus (HPV) cannot be cured. However, both types of viral vaginitis can be controlled with medications. Treatment varies according to the type of vaginitis and the method of delivery. However, individuals are instructed to complete the entire course of treatment, even if symptoms subside before treatment has concluded.
Because Vaginitis cannot always be prevented, so, i advise to adhering to the following guidelines that may reduce a woman’s risk of developing vaginitis:
- Practice safe sex with your partner
- Eat a healthy diet
- Reduce stress
- Wear loose-fitting undergarments
- Wear only undergarments composed of 100 percent cotton or other natural fibers
- Avoid use of vaginal sprays/deodorants and douches
- Avoid use of deodorized tampons
- Avoid hot tubs, whirlpool spas and bubble baths
- Immediately change out of a wet bathing suit after swimming or exercise clothing
- Exercise proper toilet habits (e.g., wipe from front to rear)
- Do not insert dry objects (e.g., unlubricated penis or condoms) into the vagina
- Do not engage in sexual intercourse multiple times each day
- Eat yogurt with live lactobacillus (a “good” bacteria) cultures regularly
- Use a vaginal moisturizer after menstruation or sexual intercourse
Positive Thinking
Thinking Positive has many benefits, It gives a clearer head, better memory, it makes easier to make decisions and able to deal with situations, but above all it gives a better and clearer outlook on life and makes able to see the good out of the bad.
When we see half a glass of water - do we see it as half empty or half full?
If you see it as half full, you are thinking positive - by thinking positive in all situations, you will find that you will feel happier and appreciate the good things in life.
So, how do we always think positive in this difficult life? of course it takes practice
Here are things to remember...
1. You are not alone if you ask GOD to come to your heart
2. A happy heart beats longest
3. Don't be afraid to smile or laugh . Give your smile to everyone you meet.
4. Be proud of who and what you are
5. Happiness is the one thing you can give without having
6. You are individual and there is nobody else like you
7. What we think of ourselves is more important than what others think of us
8. Dont be afraid to ask for help when you need it
9. Experience is not what happens to us it is how we deal with it.
When we see half a glass of water - do we see it as half empty or half full?
If you see it as half full, you are thinking positive - by thinking positive in all situations, you will find that you will feel happier and appreciate the good things in life.
So, how do we always think positive in this difficult life? of course it takes practice
Here are things to remember...
1. You are not alone if you ask GOD to come to your heart
2. A happy heart beats longest
3. Don't be afraid to smile or laugh . Give your smile to everyone you meet.
4. Be proud of who and what you are
5. Happiness is the one thing you can give without having
6. You are individual and there is nobody else like you
7. What we think of ourselves is more important than what others think of us
8. Dont be afraid to ask for help when you need it
9. Experience is not what happens to us it is how we deal with it.
Tuesday, February 10, 2009
Secret for Healthy Skin
For getting good & healthy skin , i Recommend you to consume:
a. foods include:
- Fruits
- Vegetables
- Whole grains
- “Good” fat such as that found in vegetable oils, fish and nuts
b. 2 ltr of mineral water
On that foods and water there are many substances found like antioxidants, fiber, iron, fat, protein, zinc, vitamins such as A,B, D,C.
and to avoid:
a. drinking alcohol, caffeine (soft-drink, coffe, tea)
b. smoke
also don't forget to take enough time for sleep.
a. foods include:
- Fruits
- Vegetables
- Whole grains
- “Good” fat such as that found in vegetable oils, fish and nuts
b. 2 ltr of mineral water
On that foods and water there are many substances found like antioxidants, fiber, iron, fat, protein, zinc, vitamins such as A,B, D,C.
and to avoid:
a. drinking alcohol, caffeine (soft-drink, coffe, tea)
b. smoke
also don't forget to take enough time for sleep.
Sleep for healthy living
Sleep is the best way to boost our immune system. When we are sleeping, the brain producing chemical brain such as serotonin, dopamine, growth hormone, which regulates cell division and protein synthesis necessary for growth, Adult needs about 8 hours daily for good quality sleep to rejuvenate our body. For the baby it needs more than 8 hours.
But as people age, the quality of their sleep is often adversely affected. In many cases, this is due to insomnia that may cause people to feel tired during the day. In other cases, older people may be diagnosed with other sleep disorders.
A recent survey by the National Sleep Foundation found that older people in good health, with a high quality of life, may actually sleep better than younger people. However, many other older people do not get quality sleep on a consistent basis. This is especially true of those who have various physical and mental health conditions.
Some common signs and symptoms of dyssomnias include difficulty falling asleep and excessive daytime drowsiness. Some signs and symptoms of parasomnias include abnormal behaviors that occur during sleep, such as walking, head banging and head rolling. Signs and symptoms of sleep disorders that are caused by medical or psychiatric conditions vary and may include difficulty falling asleep or irritability.
Condition Symptoms
Insomnia : - Difficulty falling asleep
Difficulty staying asleep : - Waking up feeling tired,
even after a full night's sleep
Sleep apnea : - Breathing that stops during sleep
- Choking or gasping during sleep
- Loud snoring
Hypersomnia : - Recurrent episodes of daytime
sleepiness or prolonged nighttime sleep
- Anxiety
- Decreased energy
Narcolepsy : - Sudden episodes of loss of muscle function
- Sleep paralysis (temporary inability to talk or -
move when falling asleep or waking up)
- Hypnagogic hallucinations (vivid, often frightening
dream-like experience)
Circadian rhythm sleep disorders : - Difficulty falling and staying asleep and/or
late night insomnia
- Lack of energy in the morning
- Increase of energy/mood in the evening
Nightmares : - Abrupt awakening from sleep, usually later in the
sleep period
- Memory of a frightening dream
- Little confusion or disorientation upon waking
Night terrors : - Abrupt awakening from sleep, usually earlier in
the sleep period
- No memory of episode
- Confusion or disorientation upon waking
Emotional and physical illness.
People with health problems tend to report poorer sleep than healthy individuals. In addition, people who experience physical pain frequently have difficulty falling asleep and have a poorer sleep quality. Sleep disorders can precipitate or exacerbate many medical conditions including diabetes and cardiac disease and mental disorders including depressive and anxiety disorders.
Use of certain medicines. Older people are more likely than younger people to take medications regularly. Some of these medications are known to interfere with sleep, including asthma medications, blood pressure drugs, corticosteroids, cardiovascular drugs, decongestants and gastrointestinal drugs.
Alzheimer’s disease often affects the sleep patterns of older people with the illness. Some patients with Alzheimer’s may sleep excessively, whereas others do not sleep enough. Alzheimer’s patients often awaken frequently at night and may be found wandering around or yelling in the middle of the night.
Other conditions that may cause sleeping problems in older adults include:
Sedentary lifestyle, Arthritis, rheumatism, Asthma, Cancer, Chronic heartburn, Emotional disorders (e.g., depression), Enlarged prostate, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Heart problems (e.g., heart failure, Incontinence, Lung disease (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), Menopause, Osteoporosis, Neurological disorders (e.g., Parkinson’s disease, dementia)
But as people age, the quality of their sleep is often adversely affected. In many cases, this is due to insomnia that may cause people to feel tired during the day. In other cases, older people may be diagnosed with other sleep disorders.
A recent survey by the National Sleep Foundation found that older people in good health, with a high quality of life, may actually sleep better than younger people. However, many other older people do not get quality sleep on a consistent basis. This is especially true of those who have various physical and mental health conditions.
Sleep consists of 5 stages:
The first four stages are called non-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Some examples are nightmares (frightening dreams that occur during REM sleep and are associated with increased pulse and rate of breathing, profuse sweating and arousal) and REM sleep behavior disorder (patients act out dreams that are vivid, intense, action-packed and violent).
The fourth stage of non-REM sleep is called delta sleep, and is the deepest stage of sleep.It is also the stage in which growth hormone, which regulates cell division and protein synthesis necessary for growth, is produced. Older people tend to spend less time in this stage of sleep than younger people.
The fifth stage of sleep is called REM sleep. It is the stage in which dreaming occurs. Older people spend a similar amount of time in REM sleep as younger people, although they do tend to wake more often during the night than younger people.
The most common sleep disorders among older adults are:
- Insomnia. Nearly half of all adults age 60 and older experience some form of insomnia. There are many potential insomnia triggers, but the need to use the bathroom is the most common insomnia source among older adults. Increased prostate size typically causes older men to have to urinate more often, whereas incontinence often occurs in older women. When older adults wake frequently at night, they are also at increased risk of falling.
- Breathing problems. Many older people experience breathing problems during sleep that interfere with the ability to get proper rest. Snoring and sleep apnea (in which patients temporarily stop breathing during sleep) are examples of breathing problems that are more likely to occur in older people. Among people over age 65, 28 % of males and 24 % of females experience sleep apnea, according to the National Sleep Foundation.
- Insomnia. Nearly half of all adults age 60 and older experience some form of insomnia. There are many potential insomnia triggers, but the need to use the bathroom is the most common insomnia source among older adults. Increased prostate size typically causes older men to have to urinate more often, whereas incontinence often occurs in older women. When older adults wake frequently at night, they are also at increased risk of falling.
- Breathing problems. Many older people experience breathing problems during sleep that interfere with the ability to get proper rest. Snoring and sleep apnea (in which patients temporarily stop breathing during sleep) are examples of breathing problems that are more likely to occur in older people. Among people over age 65, 28 % of males and 24 % of females experience sleep apnea, according to the National Sleep Foundation.
This condition has also been shown to increase the risk of falling asleep while driving by three to seven times.
- Movement disorders. Older adults are more likely to experience involuntary movement disorders, such as restless leg syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD). RLS causes feelings of discomfort in the legs that occur continuously when the body is at rest. It affects more than 20 % of people age 80 and older, according to the NIH. PLMD causes patients to periodically and rapidly move their legs when the body is asleep. About 80 percent of people with RLS also have PLMD, according to the National Sleep Foundation.
- Movement disorders. Older adults are more likely to experience involuntary movement disorders, such as restless leg syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD). RLS causes feelings of discomfort in the legs that occur continuously when the body is at rest. It affects more than 20 % of people age 80 and older, according to the NIH. PLMD causes patients to periodically and rapidly move their legs when the body is asleep. About 80 percent of people with RLS also have PLMD, according to the National Sleep Foundation.
- Other parasomnias. These include teeth grinding (bruxism), bedwetting (enuresis) and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
Types and differences of sleep disorders
According to the National Institutes of Health, more than 100 disorders of sleeping and waking have been identified.
They may fall into one of the following categories:
i. Dyssomnias. Disturbances in the amount, timing or quality of sleep resulting in excessive daytime sleepiness or insomnia. Common dyssomnias include:
- Insomnia. Condition of inadequate or poor sleep that may include difficulty falling asleep, waking up frequently during the night with difficulty falling back asleep, waking up too early in the morning or unrefreshing sleep. This is the most common type of sleep disorder.
- Sleep apnea. Sleep disorder that causes breathing to become shallow or stop while sleeping. Each pause in breath usually lasts 10 to 20 seconds. Pauses can occur 20 to 30 times in an hour. This is the second most common sleep disorder. Left untreated, sleep apnea can be life-threatening. Excessive daytime sleepiness can cause people to fall asleep at inappropriate times, such as while driving. Sleep apnea also appears to increase a person's risk of numerous health conditions including high blood pressure (hypertension), heart attack, stroke and diabetes.
- Hypersomnia. Excessive daytime sleepiness after adequate nighttime sleep.
Restless legs syndrome (RLS). Sleep disorder characterized by unpleasant sensations in the legs that are described as creeping, crawling, tingling, pulling or painful.
- Narcolepsy. Chronic sleep disorder characterized by excessive and overwhelming daytime sleepiness and short “sleep attacks,” even after adequate nighttime sleep. According to the National Center on Sleep Disorders Research, about 250,000 Americans have narcolepsy . Its cause is unknown.
- Periodic limb movement disorder (nocturnal myoclonus). Characterized by periodic episodes of repetitive jerking and kicking during sleep.
- Circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Involves disruption of the body's natural sleep cycle. Common examples include jet lag (traveling quickly across numerous time zones) and sleep problems associated with shift work. Other examples: delayed sleep phase disorder, in which people go to bed and wake up at least two hours later than is desired, and advanced phase sleep disorder, in which people fall asleep and wake up several hours earlier than is desired.
- Parasomnias. Disorders that involve abnormal behavioral or physiological events during sleep. They involve partial arousal or interference with sleep stage transition. Examples include:
Arousal disorders. Disorders that involve partial arousal, such as sleepwalking and night terrors, which are characterized by sudden arousal from sleep and increased pulse and breathing rate. They occur during the first third of the sleep cycle.
- Sleep-wake transition disorders. Disorders that interfere with sleep stage transition. Examples are sleep talking, nocturnal leg cramps, sleep starts (sudden contraction in a leg, sometimes an arm or the head, at the start of sleep) and rhythmic movement disorder (consists of recurrent head banging, head rolling and body rocking).
Some common signs and symptoms of dyssomnias include difficulty falling asleep and excessive daytime drowsiness. Some signs and symptoms of parasomnias include abnormal behaviors that occur during sleep, such as walking, head banging and head rolling. Signs and symptoms of sleep disorders that are caused by medical or psychiatric conditions vary and may include difficulty falling asleep or irritability.
Condition Symptoms
Insomnia : - Difficulty falling asleep
Difficulty staying asleep : - Waking up feeling tired,
even after a full night's sleep
Sleep apnea : - Breathing that stops during sleep
- Choking or gasping during sleep
- Loud snoring
Hypersomnia : - Recurrent episodes of daytime
sleepiness or prolonged nighttime sleep
- Anxiety
- Decreased energy
Narcolepsy : - Sudden episodes of loss of muscle function
- Sleep paralysis (temporary inability to talk or -
move when falling asleep or waking up)
- Hypnagogic hallucinations (vivid, often frightening
dream-like experience)
Circadian rhythm sleep disorders : - Difficulty falling and staying asleep and/or
late night insomnia
- Lack of energy in the morning
- Increase of energy/mood in the evening
Nightmares : - Abrupt awakening from sleep, usually later in the
sleep period
- Memory of a frightening dream
- Little confusion or disorientation upon waking
Night terrors : - Abrupt awakening from sleep, usually earlier in
the sleep period
- No memory of episode
- Confusion or disorientation upon waking
Sleep disorders associated with medical or psychiatric conditions include:
*Sleep disorders associated with psychiatric conditions like Anxiety, depression, psychosis and many other psychiatric disorders can result in excessive sleepiness or insomnia.
*Sleep disorders associated with neurological disorders. Common examples include headaches, dementia (progressive loss of intellectual function) and Parkinson's disease.
*Sleep disorders associated with other medical disorders. Common examples include alcoholism, peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), asthma, hay fever, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic fatigue syndrome and chronic pain (e.g., fibromyalgia).
*Proposed sleep disorders. Sleep problems for which there is insufficient information to establish them as distinct disorders. Common examples include: Short sleepers. People who sleep less than 75% of the sleep time typically required for their age group, but who experience no negative impacts.
*Long sleepers. People who routinely sleep more than 10 hours a night.
*Fragmentary myoclonus. Brief, involuntary jerks or twists during sleep.
*Sleep hyperhydrosis. Night sweats.
*Sleep disorders associated with psychiatric conditions like Anxiety, depression, psychosis and many other psychiatric disorders can result in excessive sleepiness or insomnia.
*Sleep disorders associated with neurological disorders. Common examples include headaches, dementia (progressive loss of intellectual function) and Parkinson's disease.
*Sleep disorders associated with other medical disorders. Common examples include alcoholism, peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), asthma, hay fever, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic fatigue syndrome and chronic pain (e.g., fibromyalgia).
*Proposed sleep disorders. Sleep problems for which there is insufficient information to establish them as distinct disorders. Common examples include: Short sleepers. People who sleep less than 75% of the sleep time typically required for their age group, but who experience no negative impacts.
*Long sleepers. People who routinely sleep more than 10 hours a night.
*Fragmentary myoclonus. Brief, involuntary jerks or twists during sleep.
*Sleep hyperhydrosis. Night sweats.
Emotional and physical illness.
People with health problems tend to report poorer sleep than healthy individuals. In addition, people who experience physical pain frequently have difficulty falling asleep and have a poorer sleep quality. Sleep disorders can precipitate or exacerbate many medical conditions including diabetes and cardiac disease and mental disorders including depressive and anxiety disorders.
Use of certain medicines. Older people are more likely than younger people to take medications regularly. Some of these medications are known to interfere with sleep, including asthma medications, blood pressure drugs, corticosteroids, cardiovascular drugs, decongestants and gastrointestinal drugs.
Alzheimer’s disease often affects the sleep patterns of older people with the illness. Some patients with Alzheimer’s may sleep excessively, whereas others do not sleep enough. Alzheimer’s patients often awaken frequently at night and may be found wandering around or yelling in the middle of the night.
Other conditions that may cause sleeping problems in older adults include:
Sedentary lifestyle, Arthritis, rheumatism, Asthma, Cancer, Chronic heartburn, Emotional disorders (e.g., depression), Enlarged prostate, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Heart problems (e.g., heart failure, Incontinence, Lung disease (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), Menopause, Osteoporosis, Neurological disorders (e.g., Parkinson’s disease, dementia)
Malaria
Last November 2008 my brother went to East Kalimantan of Indonesia for worked. During 2 months worked nothing happent with his health.
One night after christmas, he got high fever and dizziness.
When he called me, i ask him to go to hospital, but unlucky there is no hospital there.
at that time i just thought he just tired, or got typus.
For prevent i just ask him to take vitamin B & C complex and take the generic medicine.
three days later, fever getting worse. he can't walk himself.
so, i suggest him to come to JAKARTA, where all family were here can help him.
When he arrived in JAKARTA after 2 days trip from kalimantan , my brother's body look so thin , no power and yellowish (eyes, skin).
Then we bring him to hospital, and the doctor give infusion, take his blood for laboratory check,
but the result from the laboratorium is after new year.
When doctor see result from lab, he said it's negative of typus. also negative Aedes dangue.
then my mom said: "please check malaria, i suspect he got malaria.".
Doctor said: "Malaria? , where he come from?"
my mother said : "Kalimantan"
Doctor : "oh i see, ok, we'll check the blood once again, tommorow we will see the result"
Oh my GOD, in my mind i am thinking indonesian doctor..... check and check waiting too long.
my brother is gonna be die. i saw the body getting worst.
when the lab result come, yes it's true my brother got malaria.
Eventhough doctor said my brother can back home, the malarie is not disappear.
Be careful of malaria, bacause small parasites malaria mosquitoes is can permanen in the body. when he get tired, stress, or late take lunch or dinner, will come fever, sweat, vomiting and dizzy .
Below i share a little bit about malaria.
Malaria has infected humans for over 50,000 years, and may have been a human panthogen for the entire history of the species. Close relatives of the human malaria parasites remain common in chimpanzees. References to the unique periodic fevers of malaria are found throughout recorded history, beginning in 2700 BC in China. The term malaria originates from Medieval Italian: mala aria — "bad-air; and the disease was formerly called ague or marsh fever due to its association with swamps and marshland.
Scientific studies on malaria made their first significant advance in 1880, when a French army doctor working in the military hospital of Constantine in Algeria named Charles Louis Aphonse Laveran observed parasites for the first time, inside the red blood cells of people suffering from malaria. He, therefore, proposed that malaria is caused by this protozoan, the first time protozoa were identified as causing disease
Although some patients died from malaria, this was preferable to the almost-certain death from syphilis. Although the blood stage and mosquito stages of the malaria life cycle were identified in the 19th and early 20th centuries, it was not until the 1980s that the latent liver form of the parasite was observed. The discovery of this latent form of the parasite finally explained why people could appear to be cured of malaria but still relapse years after the parasite had disappeared from their bloodstreams.
Malaria caused by a genus of mosquito that name "Anopheles "
Like all mosquitoes, anophelines go through four stages in their life cycle: egg, larva, and imago. The first three stages are aquatic and last 5-14 days, depending on the species and the ambient temperature. The adult stage is when the female Anopheles mosquito acts as malaria vector. The adult females can live up to a month (or more in captivity) but most probably do not live more than 1-2 weeks in nature.
Symptoms of malaria include fever, shivering, arthralgia (joint pain), vomiting, anemia, (caused by hemolysis), hemoglobinuria, retinal damage and convulsions. The classic symptom of malaria is cyclical occurrence of sudden coldness followed by rigor and then fever and sweating lasting four to six hours, occurring every two days in P. vivax and P. ovale infections, while every three for P. malariae. P. falciparum can have recurrent fever every 36–48 hours or a less pronounced and almost continuous fever. For reasons that are poorly understood, but that may be related to high intracranial pressure , children with malaria frequently exhibit abnormal posturing, a sign indicating severe brain damage. Malaria has been found to cause cognitive impairments, especially in children. It causes widespread anemia during a period of rapid brain development and also direct brain damage. This neurologic damage results from cerebral malaria to which children are more vulnerable.
Severe malaria is almost exclusively caused by P. falciparum infection and usually arises 6–14 days after infection. Consequences of severe malaria include coma and death if untreated—young children and pregnant women are especially vulnerable. Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), severe headache, cerebral ischemia, hepatomegaly, (enlarged liver), hypoglycemia, and hemoglobinuria with renal failure may occur. Renal failure may cause blackwater fever, where hemoglobin from lysed red blood cells leaks into the urine. Severe malaria can progress extremely rapidly and cause death within hours or days. In the most severe cases of the disease fatality rates can exceed 20%, even with intensive care and treatment. In endemic areas, treatment is often less satisfactory and the overall fatality rate for all cases of malaria can be as high as one in ten.
Over the longer term, developmental impairments have been documented in children who have suffered episodes of severe malaria. Chronic malaria is seen in both P. vivax and P. ovale, but not in P. falciparum. Here, the disease can relapse months or years after exposure, due to the presence of latent parasites in the liver. Describing a case of malaria as cured by observing the disappearance of parasites from the bloodstream can, therefore, be deceptive. The longest incubation period reported for a P. vivax infection is 30 years.
Approximately one in five of P. vivax malaria cases in temperate areas involve overwintering by hypnozoites (i.e., relapses begin the year after the mosquito bite).
Malaria parasites
Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium (phylum Apicomplexa). In humans malaria is caused by P.falciparum, P.malariae, P.ovale, P.vivac and P.knowlesi
P. falciparum is the most common cause of infection and is responsible for about 80% of all malaria cases, and is also responsible for about 90% of the deaths from malaria. Parasitic Plasmodium species also infect birds, reptiles, monkeys, chimpanzees and rodents. There have been documented human infections with several simian species of malaria, namely P. knowlesi, P.inui, P. cynomolgi, P.simiovale, P.brazilianum, P. schwetzi, P.simium; however, with the exception of P. knowlesi, these are mostly of limited public health importance.
Although avian malaria can kill chickens and turkeys, this disease does not cause serious economic losses to poultry farmers. However, since being accidentally introduced by humans it has decimated the endemic birds of Hawaii, which evolved in its absence and lack any resistance to it. Malaria in humans develops via two phases: an exoerythrocytic and an erythrocytic phase. The exoerythrocytic phase involves infection of the hepatic system, or liver, whereas the erythrocytic phase involves infection of the erythrocytes, or red blood cells. When an infected mosquito pierces a person's skin to take a blood meal, sporozoites in the mosquito's saliva enter the bloodstream and migrate to the liver.
Within 30 minutes of being introduced into the human host, the sporozoites infect hepatocytes, multiplying asexually and asymptomatically for a period of 6–15 days. Once in the liver, these organisms differentiate to yield thousands of merozoites, which, following rupture of their host cells, escape into the blood and infect red blodd cells, thus beginning the erythrocytic stage of the life cycle. The parasite escapes from the liver undetected by wrapping itself in the cell membrane of the infected host liver cell.
Within the red blood cells, the parasites multiply further, again asexually, periodically breaking out of their hosts to invade fresh red blood cells. Several such amplification cycles occur. Thus, classical descriptions of waves of fever arise from simultaneous waves of merozoites escaping and infecting red blood cells.
Some P. vivax and P. ovale sporozoites do not immediately develop into exoerythrocytic-phase merozoites, but instead produce hypnozoites that remain dormant for periods ranging from several months (6–12 months is typical) to as long as three years. After a period of dormancy, they reactivate and produce merozoites. Hypnozoites are responsible for long incubation and late relapses in these two species of malaria.
The parasite is relatively protected from attack by the body's immune system because for most of its human life cycle it resides within the liver and blood cells and is relatively invisible to immune surveillance. However, circulating infected blood cells are destroyed in the spleen. To avoid this fate, the P. falciparum parasite displays adhesive proteins on the surface of the infected blood cells, causing the blood cells to stick to the walls of small blood vessels, thereby sequestering the parasite from passage through the general circulation and the spleen. This "stickiness" is the main factor giving rise to hemorrhagic complications of malaria.
High endothelial venules (the smallest branches of the circulatory system) can be blocked by the attachment of masses of these infected red blood cells. The blockage of these vessels causes symptoms such as in placental and cerebral malaria. In cerebral malaria the sequestrated red blood cells can breach the blood brain barrier possibly leading to coma.
Although the red blood cell surface adhesive proteins (called PfEMP1, for Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1) are exposed to the immune system, they do not serve as good immune targets because of their extreme diversity; there are at least 60 variations of the protein within a single parasite and perhaps limitless versions within parasite populations. Like a thief changing disguises or a spy with multiple passports, the parasite switches between a broad repertoire of PfEMP1 surface proteins, thus staying one step ahead of the pursuing immune system.
Some merozoites turn into male and female gametocytes. If a mosquito pierces the skin of an infected person, it potentially picks up gametocytes within the blood. Fertilization and sexual recombination of the parasite occurs in the mosquito's gut, thereby defining the mosquito as the definitive host of the disease. New sporozoites develop and travel to the mosquito's salivary gland, completing the cycle. Pregnant women are especially attractive to the mosquitoes, and malaria in pregnant women is an important cause of stillbirths, infant mortality and low birth weight, particularly in P. falciparum infection, but also in other species infection, such as P. vivax.
One night after christmas, he got high fever and dizziness.
When he called me, i ask him to go to hospital, but unlucky there is no hospital there.
at that time i just thought he just tired, or got typus.
For prevent i just ask him to take vitamin B & C complex and take the generic medicine.
three days later, fever getting worse. he can't walk himself.
so, i suggest him to come to JAKARTA, where all family were here can help him.
When he arrived in JAKARTA after 2 days trip from kalimantan , my brother's body look so thin , no power and yellowish (eyes, skin).
Then we bring him to hospital, and the doctor give infusion, take his blood for laboratory check,
but the result from the laboratorium is after new year.
When doctor see result from lab, he said it's negative of typus. also negative Aedes dangue.
then my mom said: "please check malaria, i suspect he got malaria.".
Doctor said: "Malaria? , where he come from?"
my mother said : "Kalimantan"
Doctor : "oh i see, ok, we'll check the blood once again, tommorow we will see the result"
Oh my GOD, in my mind i am thinking indonesian doctor..... check and check waiting too long.
my brother is gonna be die. i saw the body getting worst.
when the lab result come, yes it's true my brother got malaria.
Eventhough doctor said my brother can back home, the malarie is not disappear.
Be careful of malaria, bacause small parasites malaria mosquitoes is can permanen in the body. when he get tired, stress, or late take lunch or dinner, will come fever, sweat, vomiting and dizzy .
Below i share a little bit about malaria.
Malaria has infected humans for over 50,000 years, and may have been a human panthogen for the entire history of the species. Close relatives of the human malaria parasites remain common in chimpanzees. References to the unique periodic fevers of malaria are found throughout recorded history, beginning in 2700 BC in China. The term malaria originates from Medieval Italian: mala aria — "bad-air; and the disease was formerly called ague or marsh fever due to its association with swamps and marshland.
Scientific studies on malaria made their first significant advance in 1880, when a French army doctor working in the military hospital of Constantine in Algeria named Charles Louis Aphonse Laveran observed parasites for the first time, inside the red blood cells of people suffering from malaria. He, therefore, proposed that malaria is caused by this protozoan, the first time protozoa were identified as causing disease
Although some patients died from malaria, this was preferable to the almost-certain death from syphilis. Although the blood stage and mosquito stages of the malaria life cycle were identified in the 19th and early 20th centuries, it was not until the 1980s that the latent liver form of the parasite was observed. The discovery of this latent form of the parasite finally explained why people could appear to be cured of malaria but still relapse years after the parasite had disappeared from their bloodstreams.
Malaria caused by a genus of mosquito that name "Anopheles "
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Culicidae
Genus: Anopheles
(picture: larva anophelines)
Like all mosquitoes, anophelines go through four stages in their life cycle: egg, larva, and imago. The first three stages are aquatic and last 5-14 days, depending on the species and the ambient temperature. The adult stage is when the female Anopheles mosquito acts as malaria vector. The adult females can live up to a month (or more in captivity) but most probably do not live more than 1-2 weeks in nature.
Symptoms of malaria include fever, shivering, arthralgia (joint pain), vomiting, anemia, (caused by hemolysis), hemoglobinuria, retinal damage and convulsions. The classic symptom of malaria is cyclical occurrence of sudden coldness followed by rigor and then fever and sweating lasting four to six hours, occurring every two days in P. vivax and P. ovale infections, while every three for P. malariae. P. falciparum can have recurrent fever every 36–48 hours or a less pronounced and almost continuous fever. For reasons that are poorly understood, but that may be related to high intracranial pressure , children with malaria frequently exhibit abnormal posturing, a sign indicating severe brain damage. Malaria has been found to cause cognitive impairments, especially in children. It causes widespread anemia during a period of rapid brain development and also direct brain damage. This neurologic damage results from cerebral malaria to which children are more vulnerable.
Severe malaria is almost exclusively caused by P. falciparum infection and usually arises 6–14 days after infection. Consequences of severe malaria include coma and death if untreated—young children and pregnant women are especially vulnerable. Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), severe headache, cerebral ischemia, hepatomegaly, (enlarged liver), hypoglycemia, and hemoglobinuria with renal failure may occur. Renal failure may cause blackwater fever, where hemoglobin from lysed red blood cells leaks into the urine. Severe malaria can progress extremely rapidly and cause death within hours or days. In the most severe cases of the disease fatality rates can exceed 20%, even with intensive care and treatment. In endemic areas, treatment is often less satisfactory and the overall fatality rate for all cases of malaria can be as high as one in ten.
Over the longer term, developmental impairments have been documented in children who have suffered episodes of severe malaria. Chronic malaria is seen in both P. vivax and P. ovale, but not in P. falciparum. Here, the disease can relapse months or years after exposure, due to the presence of latent parasites in the liver. Describing a case of malaria as cured by observing the disappearance of parasites from the bloodstream can, therefore, be deceptive. The longest incubation period reported for a P. vivax infection is 30 years.
Approximately one in five of P. vivax malaria cases in temperate areas involve overwintering by hypnozoites (i.e., relapses begin the year after the mosquito bite).
Malaria parasites
Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium (phylum Apicomplexa). In humans malaria is caused by P.falciparum, P.malariae, P.ovale, P.vivac and P.knowlesi
P. falciparum is the most common cause of infection and is responsible for about 80% of all malaria cases, and is also responsible for about 90% of the deaths from malaria. Parasitic Plasmodium species also infect birds, reptiles, monkeys, chimpanzees and rodents. There have been documented human infections with several simian species of malaria, namely P. knowlesi, P.inui, P. cynomolgi, P.simiovale, P.brazilianum, P. schwetzi, P.simium; however, with the exception of P. knowlesi, these are mostly of limited public health importance.
Although avian malaria can kill chickens and turkeys, this disease does not cause serious economic losses to poultry farmers. However, since being accidentally introduced by humans it has decimated the endemic birds of Hawaii, which evolved in its absence and lack any resistance to it. Malaria in humans develops via two phases: an exoerythrocytic and an erythrocytic phase. The exoerythrocytic phase involves infection of the hepatic system, or liver, whereas the erythrocytic phase involves infection of the erythrocytes, or red blood cells. When an infected mosquito pierces a person's skin to take a blood meal, sporozoites in the mosquito's saliva enter the bloodstream and migrate to the liver.
Within 30 minutes of being introduced into the human host, the sporozoites infect hepatocytes, multiplying asexually and asymptomatically for a period of 6–15 days. Once in the liver, these organisms differentiate to yield thousands of merozoites, which, following rupture of their host cells, escape into the blood and infect red blodd cells, thus beginning the erythrocytic stage of the life cycle. The parasite escapes from the liver undetected by wrapping itself in the cell membrane of the infected host liver cell.
Within the red blood cells, the parasites multiply further, again asexually, periodically breaking out of their hosts to invade fresh red blood cells. Several such amplification cycles occur. Thus, classical descriptions of waves of fever arise from simultaneous waves of merozoites escaping and infecting red blood cells.
Some P. vivax and P. ovale sporozoites do not immediately develop into exoerythrocytic-phase merozoites, but instead produce hypnozoites that remain dormant for periods ranging from several months (6–12 months is typical) to as long as three years. After a period of dormancy, they reactivate and produce merozoites. Hypnozoites are responsible for long incubation and late relapses in these two species of malaria.
The parasite is relatively protected from attack by the body's immune system because for most of its human life cycle it resides within the liver and blood cells and is relatively invisible to immune surveillance. However, circulating infected blood cells are destroyed in the spleen. To avoid this fate, the P. falciparum parasite displays adhesive proteins on the surface of the infected blood cells, causing the blood cells to stick to the walls of small blood vessels, thereby sequestering the parasite from passage through the general circulation and the spleen. This "stickiness" is the main factor giving rise to hemorrhagic complications of malaria.
High endothelial venules (the smallest branches of the circulatory system) can be blocked by the attachment of masses of these infected red blood cells. The blockage of these vessels causes symptoms such as in placental and cerebral malaria. In cerebral malaria the sequestrated red blood cells can breach the blood brain barrier possibly leading to coma.
Although the red blood cell surface adhesive proteins (called PfEMP1, for Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1) are exposed to the immune system, they do not serve as good immune targets because of their extreme diversity; there are at least 60 variations of the protein within a single parasite and perhaps limitless versions within parasite populations. Like a thief changing disguises or a spy with multiple passports, the parasite switches between a broad repertoire of PfEMP1 surface proteins, thus staying one step ahead of the pursuing immune system.
Some merozoites turn into male and female gametocytes. If a mosquito pierces the skin of an infected person, it potentially picks up gametocytes within the blood. Fertilization and sexual recombination of the parasite occurs in the mosquito's gut, thereby defining the mosquito as the definitive host of the disease. New sporozoites develop and travel to the mosquito's salivary gland, completing the cycle. Pregnant women are especially attractive to the mosquitoes, and malaria in pregnant women is an important cause of stillbirths, infant mortality and low birth weight, particularly in P. falciparum infection, but also in other species infection, such as P. vivax.
Managing Stress
As a human being we always live with stress. Stress is not only bad things. Stress also could make us happy in a second.
Stress is a biological term which refers to the consequences of the failure of a human body to respond appropriately to emotional or physical threats to the organism, whether actual or imagined. It is "the outonomic response to environmental.
The term of "stress" itself was first used by the endocrinologist Hans Selye in the 1930s to identify physiological responses in laboratory animals. He later broadened and popularized the concept to include the perceptions and responses of humans trying to adapt to the challenges of everyday life. In Selye's terminology, "stress" refers to the reaction of the organism, and "stressor" to the perceived threat.
Stress in certain circumstances not only experienced negatively but could be experienced positively.
for example, Eustress can be an adaptive response prompting the activation of internal resources to meet challenges and achieve goals such as : meeting a challenge, coming in first or winning, getting a promotion in work, happy family and love
The term is commonly used by laypersons in a metaphorical rather than literal or biological sense, as a catch-all for any perceived difficulties in life. It also became a euphemism, a way of referring to problems and eliciting sympathy without being explicitly confessional, just "stressed out".
It covers a huge range of phenomena from mild irritation to the kind of severe problems that might result in a real breakdown of health. In popular usage almost any event or situation between these extremes could be described as stressful.
When give negative implications called Distress. It is the most commonly-referred to type of stress, whereas eustress is a positive form of stress, usually related to desirable events in person's life. Both can be equally taxing on the body, and are cumulative in nature, depending on a person's way of adapting to a change that has caused it.
Both negative and positive stressors can lead to stress. Some common categories and examples of stressors include: sensory input such as pain, bright ligght, or environmental issues such as a lack of control over environmental circumstances, such as food, housing, health, freedom, or mobility. Social issues can also cause stress, such as struggles with conspecific or difficult individuals and social defeat, or relationship conflict, deception, or break ups, and major events such as baby birth, deaths, marriage, and divorce.
Life experiences such as poverty, unemployment, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, heavy alcoholic dringking, or insufficient sleep can also cause stress. Students and workers may face stress from exams, project deadlines, and group projects.
Adverse experiences during development (e.g. prenatal exposure to maternal stress, poor attachment histories,sexual abuse are thought to contribute to deficits in the maturity of an individual's stress response systems.
The neurochemistry of the stress response is now believed to be well understood, although much remains to be discovered about how the components of this system interact with one another, in the brain and throughout in the body. In response to a stressor, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginime-vasopressin (AVP) are secreted into the phypophyseal portal system and activate neurons of the paraventricular nuclei (PVN) of the hypothalamus.
The locus ceruleus and other noradrenergic cell groups of the adrnal medulla and pons, collectively known as the LC/NE system, also become active and use brain epinephrine to execute autonomic and neuroendocrine responses, serving as a global alarm system. The autonomic nervous system in the body provides the rapid response to stress commonly known as the fight - -fight response, engaging the sympathetic nervous system and withdrawing the parasympathetic nervous system, thereby enacting cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, and endocrine changes. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), a major part of the neuroendrocrine system involving the interactions of the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal gland, is also activated by release of CRH and AVP.
This results in release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary into the general bloodstream, which results in secretion of cortisol and other glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex. These corticoids involve the whole body in the organism's response to stress and ultimately contribute to the termination of the response via inhibitory feedback.
Stress can significantly affect many of the body's immune systems, as can an individual's perceptions of, and reactions to, stress. The term psychoneuroimmunology is used to describe the interactions between the mental state, nervous and immune systems, as well as research on the interconnections of these systems.
Chronic stress has also been shown to impair developmental growth in children by lowering the pituitary gland's production of growth hormone, as in children associated with a home environment involving serious marital discord, alcoholism or child abuse.
Hope this information can change the wrong thinking of stress.
Stress itself not always negative.
Well, Manage your stress and be a winner.
Stress is a biological term which refers to the consequences of the failure of a human body to respond appropriately to emotional or physical threats to the organism, whether actual or imagined. It is "the outonomic response to environmental.
The term of "stress" itself was first used by the endocrinologist Hans Selye in the 1930s to identify physiological responses in laboratory animals. He later broadened and popularized the concept to include the perceptions and responses of humans trying to adapt to the challenges of everyday life. In Selye's terminology, "stress" refers to the reaction of the organism, and "stressor" to the perceived threat.
Stress in certain circumstances not only experienced negatively but could be experienced positively.
for example, Eustress can be an adaptive response prompting the activation of internal resources to meet challenges and achieve goals such as : meeting a challenge, coming in first or winning, getting a promotion in work, happy family and love
The term is commonly used by laypersons in a metaphorical rather than literal or biological sense, as a catch-all for any perceived difficulties in life. It also became a euphemism, a way of referring to problems and eliciting sympathy without being explicitly confessional, just "stressed out".
It covers a huge range of phenomena from mild irritation to the kind of severe problems that might result in a real breakdown of health. In popular usage almost any event or situation between these extremes could be described as stressful.
When give negative implications called Distress. It is the most commonly-referred to type of stress, whereas eustress is a positive form of stress, usually related to desirable events in person's life. Both can be equally taxing on the body, and are cumulative in nature, depending on a person's way of adapting to a change that has caused it.
Both negative and positive stressors can lead to stress. Some common categories and examples of stressors include: sensory input such as pain, bright ligght, or environmental issues such as a lack of control over environmental circumstances, such as food, housing, health, freedom, or mobility. Social issues can also cause stress, such as struggles with conspecific or difficult individuals and social defeat, or relationship conflict, deception, or break ups, and major events such as baby birth, deaths, marriage, and divorce.
Life experiences such as poverty, unemployment, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, heavy alcoholic dringking, or insufficient sleep can also cause stress. Students and workers may face stress from exams, project deadlines, and group projects.
Adverse experiences during development (e.g. prenatal exposure to maternal stress, poor attachment histories,sexual abuse are thought to contribute to deficits in the maturity of an individual's stress response systems.
The neurochemistry of the stress response is now believed to be well understood, although much remains to be discovered about how the components of this system interact with one another, in the brain and throughout in the body. In response to a stressor, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginime-vasopressin (AVP) are secreted into the phypophyseal portal system and activate neurons of the paraventricular nuclei (PVN) of the hypothalamus.
The locus ceruleus and other noradrenergic cell groups of the adrnal medulla and pons, collectively known as the LC/NE system, also become active and use brain epinephrine to execute autonomic and neuroendocrine responses, serving as a global alarm system. The autonomic nervous system in the body provides the rapid response to stress commonly known as the fight - -fight response, engaging the sympathetic nervous system and withdrawing the parasympathetic nervous system, thereby enacting cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, and endocrine changes. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), a major part of the neuroendrocrine system involving the interactions of the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal gland, is also activated by release of CRH and AVP.
This results in release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary into the general bloodstream, which results in secretion of cortisol and other glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex. These corticoids involve the whole body in the organism's response to stress and ultimately contribute to the termination of the response via inhibitory feedback.
Stress can significantly affect many of the body's immune systems, as can an individual's perceptions of, and reactions to, stress. The term psychoneuroimmunology is used to describe the interactions between the mental state, nervous and immune systems, as well as research on the interconnections of these systems.
Chronic stress has also been shown to impair developmental growth in children by lowering the pituitary gland's production of growth hormone, as in children associated with a home environment involving serious marital discord, alcoholism or child abuse.
Hope this information can change the wrong thinking of stress.
Stress itself not always negative.
Well, Manage your stress and be a winner.
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